The requisite background of intelligent systems or agents it is pertinent to discuss how a problem can be solved by these agents. An agent is anything which can be viewed as perceiving its environment through sensors and acting upon that environment through actuators. A human agent has ears, eyes and other organs for sensors and hands, legs, mouth etc., for [...]
The vast field of artificial intelligence has a wide spectrum of applications a few of them are given here: 1. General Problem Solving 2. Expert Systems 3. Natural Language Processing 4. Computer Vision 5. Robotics 6. Computer-Aided Instructions (CAI) 7. Planning. Application # 1. General Problem Solving: Several specific problems such as water jug problem, travelling sales man problem or [...]
In this article we will discuss about the need and types of heuristics for problem solving. Travelling Salesman Problem – Need of Heuristics: Will the control strategy which causes motion and is systematic, lead always to the solution? This is not so always, for example, consider the following problem: A salesman has a list of cities, each of which he [...]
The problem, play chess, has been described as a problem of moving around in a state space; where each state corresponds to a legal position of the board. Starting from initial state and using a set of rules to move from one state to another can give rise to one of a set of final states. The combination of all [...]
In this article we will discuss about:- 1. Origin and Role of Production Systems 2. Architecture of Production Systems 3. Algorithm of Problem Solving 4. Issues. Origin and Role of Production Systems: The origin of the production systems dates back to 1943 when they were proposed by Emil Post for the first time. Since then they have undergone various modifications, [...]
In order to solve a problem it need to be analyzed on the following lines: 1. Is the program decomposable into a set of independent smaller or easier sub-problems? 2. Can the solution steps be ignored or undone if they prove fruitless? 3. Is the problem’s universe predictable? 4. Is the good solution absolute or relative? 5. Is the desired [...]
In this article we will discuss about:- 1. And-OR Graph during Search Methods 2. Difference Between OR and AND-OR Graph during Search Methods 3. Limitations of AND-OR Graph. And-OR Graph during Search Methods: AND OR graph (to tree) is useful for representing the solutions of problems which can be solved by decomposing them into a set of smaller problems, all [...]
In this article we will discuss about:- 1. Search Methods for the Problem of Combinational Explosion 2. Uninformed Search Methods for the Problem of Combinational Explosion 3. Branch and Bound 4. Beam Search Methods 5. Informed Search or Heuristic Search Methods 6. Simulated Annealing Search 7. Comparison. Search Methods Search Methods for the Problem of Combinational Explosion: Heuristics always help [...]
The following points highlight the three main types of search methods used in artificial intelligence. The types of are: 1. Incremental Heuristic Search 2. Constraint Satisfaction 3. Means-End-Analysis. Type # 1. Incremental Heuristic Search: Incremental search has been studied at least since the late 1960s. Incremental search algorithms reuse information from previous searches to speed up the current search and [...]
In this article we will discuss about:- 1. Algorithm for Hill Climbing 2. Difficulties of Hill Climbing 3. Determination of an Heuristic Function 4. Best-First Search 5. Best-First Algorithm for Best-First Search 6. Finding the Best Solution - A* Search. Algorithm for Hill Climbing: Begin: 1. Identify possible starting states and measure the distance (f) of their closeness with the [...]