Compilation of notes on buoyancy and floatation for engineering students. Note # 1. Meaning of Buoyancy: Consider a body immersed in a liquid. Consider an elemental vertical cylinder of the body of height y and sectional area da. Let the intensity of pressure on the top end of the cylinder be p. The intensity of pressure on the bottom of [...]
The following tests are conducted for determining the qualities of a good building stone! (1) Acid test (2) Attrition test (3) Crushing test (4) Crystallisation test (5) Freezing and thawing test (6) Hardness test (7) Impact test (8) Microscopic test (9) Smith's test (10) Water absorption test. Each of these test will now be briefly described. 1. Acid Test: In [...]
In this article we will discuss about:- 1. Uses of Stones 2. Natural Bed of Stones 3. Dressing 4. Deterioration 5. Retardation 6. Preservation 7. Artificial Stones. Uses of Stones: The stones are used in the construction of buildings from the ancient times and most of the ancient temples and forts of our country were built with stones. The Taj [...]
In this article we will discuss about:- 1. Tools for Blasting 2. Materials for Blasting 3. Process of Blasting 4. Precautions. Tools for Blasting: Following tools are required in the process of blasting: (1) Dipper: This is shown in fig. 2-5 and it is used to drill a hole to the required depth. (2) Jumper: This is shown in fig. [...]
In this article we will discuss about:- 1. Sources of Stones 2. Common Rock Forming Minerals 3. Characteristics 4. Uses and Selection 5. Deterioration 6. Preservation 7. Tests 8. Natural Bed of Stone. Contents: Sources of Stones Common Rock Forming Minerals Characteristics of Good Building Stones Uses of Stones and their Selection Deterioration of Stones Preservation of Stones Tests of [...]
Common building stones, their compositions, properties, uses and occurrence are given below: 1. Granite: Composition: It is igneous rock. Its main constituent minerals are Quartz, (hard and least affected by carbon dioxide and water) Felspar (crystalline, lustrous, readily attacked by atmospheric agencies) and Mica (dark grey, black or brown in colour, soft, readily affected by chemicals and atmospheric agencies). Characteristics: [...]
The various types of retaining walls are given as below: 1. Masonry Retaining Wall 2. Semi-Gravity Type Retaining Wall 3. Canti Lever Type Retaining Wall 4. Counter Fort Type Retaining Wall 5. Buttressed Walls. Type # 1. Masonry Retaining Wall: These retaining walls are constructed by using the stone blocks or bricks as masonry materials. The constructional feature of this [...]
In this article we will discuss about how to design retaining walls. Design of Cantilever Type Retaining Wall: The following points are considered for design of retaining wall: 1. The design of vertical wall should be such that, it can resists the bending moment as well as shearing force, developed at the junction point of the base slab. 2. The [...]
In this article we will discuss about how to design retaining walls. Design of Cantilever Type Retaining Wall: The following points are considered for design of retaining wall: 1. The design of vertical wall should be such that, it can resists the bending moment as well as shearing force, developed at the junction point of the base slab. 2. The [...]
In this article we will discuss about:- 1. Meaning of Culvert 2. Types of Culvert 3. General Design Principle 4. Design. Meaning of Culvert: A small bridge may be of 3 to 4 spans with the length of span not more than 3 m is known as culvert. In case of highway where culverts are constructed to cross the small [...]