The steel is manufactured by the following processes: 1. Bessemer Process 2. Cementation Process 3. Crucible Steel Process 4. Duplex Process 5. Electric Process 6. L.D. Process 7. Open-Hearth Process. Each of the above process will now be briefly described. 1. Bessemer Process: This process was invented by British engineer who patented more than 100 inventions over his lifetime. He [...]
Following are the standard shapes in which the rolled steel sections are available in the market: (1) Angle Sections: The angle sections may be of equal legs or unequal legs as shown in fig. 11-3 and fig. 11-4 respectively. The equal angle sections are available in sizes varying from 20 mm x 20 mm x 3 mm to 200 mm [...]
In this article we will discuss about:- 1. Composition of Steel 2. Uses of Steel 3. Factors Affecting the Physical Properties 4. Magnetic Properties 5. Defects 6. Properties of Mild Steel 7. Properties of Hard Steel 8. Mechanical Treatment. Composition of Steel: As far as the carbon content is concerned, the steel forms an intermediate stage between cast-iron and wrought-iron. [...]
It is possible to alter the properties of steel by heating and cooling steel under controlled conditions. The term heat treatment is used to indicate the process in which the heating and cooling of solid steel is involved to change the structural or physical properties of steel. Thus, in heat treatment process, the heating and cooling of steel are carried [...]
The principal methods of manufacturing different grades of steels are: 1. Cementation Process 2. Crucible Process 3. Bessemer Process 4. Open Hearth (Acid or Basic) Process 5. Electric Process 6. L.D. Process 7. Duplex Process 8. Kaldo Process. 1. Cementation Process: The pure wrought iron bars are arranged in the furnace between the layers of powdered charcoal and maintained at [...]
List of important alloys of steel: 1. Silicon Steel 2. High Speed Tool Steels 3. Heat Resistant Steels 4. Spring Steels 5. Stainless Steel 6. Chrome Vanadium Steels 7. Nickel Steel 8. Vanadium Steel 9. Manganese Steel 10. Tungsten Steel 11. Magnet Steels. 1. Silicon Steel: A. Silicon improves considerably the electrical properties of steel. B. Silicon imparts fatigue strength [...]
The following points highlight the seven main processes used for heat treatment of steel. The processes are:- 1. Annealing 2. Normalizing 3. Hardening 4. Tempering 5. Case Hardening 6. Induction Hardening 7. Flame Hardening. Heat treatment is a combination of heating and cooling operation and applied to a metal or alloy in the solid state in a way that will [...]
In this article we will discuss about:- 1. Introduction to Carbon Steels 2. Types of Carbon Steel-Based on Deoxidation Practice 3. Classification. Introduction to Carbon Steels: Steels represent the most important group of engineering materials as they have the widest diversity of applications of any of the engineering materials. Even in steels, plain carbon steels form the major percentage of [...]
In this article we will discuss about:- 1. Introduction to Plain Carbon Steels 2. Classification of Plain Carbon Steels 3. Limitations. Introduction to Plain Carbon Steels: Plain carbon steels are iron-carbon alloys in which the properties are primarily derived from the presence of carbon. Some incidental elements like manganese, silicon, sulphur and phosphorus are present in small amounts due to [...]
After steel has been designed for a specific application, the designer, or the purchaser has to select the specific steel from those available in the market. The steels are sold with standard specifications and associated notations. Some knowledge of the specifications is thus, essential. The specifications and the notations used for the steels vary from country to country, but each [...]