Ranging rod is of two types i.e., direct ranging and indirect or reciprocal ranging. Type # 1. Direct Ranging: Direct ranging can be done by any of the following two methods: (i) By judgment of eye, and (ii) By a line ranger. (i) Ranging by judgement of Eye: The surveyor stands about 2m behind the ranging rod at the starting [...]
The following instruments are used while chaining: 1. Chain 2. Arrows 3. Tapes 4. Ranging Rods 5. Offset Rod 6. Pegs. Instrument # 1. Chain: It is composed of a fixed number of pieces of galvanised mild steel wire 4 mm (8 s.w.g.) in diameter known as links. The ends of each link are bent into a loop and connected [...]
The correct distance can be calculated from the following formula: or Correct distance × Correct length of chain or tape =Incorrect distance × Incorrect length of chain or tape Aid to memory: Product of correct things = Product of incorrect things. "Birds of a feather flock together" Remember: True distance will be longer than the measured distance if the chain [...]
Get the answer of: How to chain a line ? Chainmen: While chaining, two men, called chainmen are required. The chainman at the forward end who drags the chain forward is called the leader while the chainman at the rear end of the chain who follows the leader is called the follower. The leader inserts the arrows at the ends [...]
In surveying, for the purpose of plotting, only horizontal distances are required. If the ground is sloping, the horizontal distances are obtained either directly or indirectly. If the slope of the country is upto 3°, it is generally taken as level ground. The direct and indirect methods of finding horizontal distances on sloping ground are given below: 1. Direct Method [...]
After reading this article you will learn about the errors occur in chaining along with its limits. 1. Instrumental Errors: They occur due to faulty adjustments or imperfections of the instruments or devices such as chain or tape may be too long or too short etc. 2. Natural Errors: They arise due to variations in the phenomenon of nature such [...]
It is necessary to apply the following corrections to the measured length of a line in order to obtain its true length: 1. Correction for Absolute Length 2. Correction for Temperature 3. Correction for Pull 4. Correction for Sag 5. Correction for Slope. 1. Correction for Absolute Length: The absolute length of a tape is expressed as its standard length [...]