There are four methods of determining the dryness fraction of steam. They are as mentioned below: 1. Bucket Calorimeter: This method of determining the dryness fraction of steam is not exact. The value of dryness fraction obtained by this method is lower than the actual value. The apparatus shown in fig. 3-21 consists of a copper calorimeter which is placed [...]
Specific Heats of a Gas: Formula, Constant Pressure, Ratio and Heat Capacity! Specific Heats of a Gas: The specific heat capacity of a substance may be defined as the quantity of heat required to raise the temperature of unit mass of the substance by one degree. The unit of specific heat is J/kg-°C. Since this unit is small it is [...]
Liquids are heated and evaporated at constant pressure. The vapours are also superheated at constant pressure in superheaters. For this reason the entropy of vapours can be calculated from the formula for the change of entropy at constant pressure. We consider the entropy of vapour in three phases of formation. In the following topic the entropy of steam and the [...]
In accordance with the Indian boiler Regulations the following mounting should be fitted to boiler: Two safety valves, two water level indicators, a pressure gauge, a steam stop valve, a feed check valve, a blow off cock, an attachment for inspector's test gauge, a man hole and mud holes or sight holes. Boiler of Lancashire and Cornish type should be [...]
Most of the boilers are fitted with accessories. They either increase the efficiency of the boiler plants or help in their working. The following accessories are attached to a modern boiler: Boiler Accessory # 1. Economizers: The greatest item of heat loss in a boiler plant is the heat carried away in the flue gases up the chimney or stack. [...]
There are different types modern high boilers used: 1. La Mont Boiler 2. Benson Boiler 3. Loeffler Boiler 4. Schmidt-Hartmann Boiler 5. Velox Boiler. Type # 1. La Mont Boiler: The La Mont boiler is a first forced circulation boiler introduced by La Mont in 1925. This boiler is water tube type. The water circulation and schematic location of different [...]
The following article will guide you about how to calculate boiler efficiency by indirect method. Definition of Boiler Efficiency: The boiler efficiency is defined as the ratio of heat actually used for producing steam in a certain period to the heat supplied in the furnace during the same period. Both quantities being measured in the same units. The boiler efficiency [...]
In this article we will discuss about the performance test and efficiency calculation of boiler. Feed Water: The measurement of flow rate of feed water can be done by different methods. One of the best methods, if it can be arranged, is for the volume of feed water to be measured by means of two vented calibrated tanks of relatively [...]
In this article we will discuss about:- 1. Meaning of Compressor 2. Classification of Compressors 3. Performance Characteristics 4. Limitations. Meaning of Compressor: Compressor is a device which compresses air/gases or vapours from low pressure to high pressure. It needs external energy input in the form of work. Out of the total work input to the compressor, some work is [...]
In this article we will discuss about:- 1. Classification of IC Engines 2. Working of an IC Engine 3. Parts 4. Combustion 5. Performance. Internal combustion engines or IC engines are extensively used in automobiles, locomotives, marine application, power generation etc. Here the working media is hot and high pressure products of combustion of air and gasoline/diesel fuel. The combustion [...]