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Wind Energy Utilization in Haryana
Essay Contents:
- Essay on the Introduction to Wind Energy Utilization in Haryana
- Essay on the Wind Speed Data for Haryana
- Essay on the Groundwater Situation in Haryana
- Essay on the Characteristics of Wind Turbines
- Essay on the R & D Efforts Needed in Haryana
- Essay on the Conclusion to the Wind Energy Utilization in Haryana
Essay # 1. Introduction to Wind Energy Utilization in Haryana:
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The winds account for a power of 2 × 1013 W. Though this is only a small portion of the incident solar energy when compared, but it is more than the total energy consumption rate of the world. It is estimated that just one per cent of potential wind power is equivalent to 2 × 1011 W or approximately three per cent of the current world energy consumption rate.
If wind power were used for the generation of electricity, its thermal equivalent would be as high as 8-9 per cent of the total. Technical and economic problems related to the location and variability of wind intensity tends to limit the attractiveness of wind energy conversion systems, but the potential extractable wind power is not insignificant.
Following a better understanding of aerodynamics of rotating aero lifts, there is a revival of interest in harvesting wind energy. The importance of wind as alternative source of energy is increasing with the depletion of fossil fuels and the need to maintain our ecosystem.
The Government of India has formulated and launched a special Wind Energy Programme. At a conservative assessment, wind power potential in India is around 20,000 MW. At present, an aggregate wind power capacity of about 43 MW has been established in the country and it is proposed to establish an additional 100 MW capacity in the Eighth Plan.
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Although in many countries and some parts of India, electric power is being commercially produced from wind-mills; wind energy can be more appropriately utilized for pumping water for irrigation due to high variation of power density of wind over time and location. In India, windmills have been tried for pumping water for drinking irrigation for fodder crops, forest nurseries, and agro-forestry plantations. But, so far, windmills have not been tried among individual farmers and in the irrigation of annually cultivated crops.
There is a special need for lift irrigation in many parts of Haryana where surface water is scarce and topography does not permit effective flood irrigation by the canal system. Therefore, there is a large potential in these areas to exploit wind energy for pumping of ground water, especially to operate sprinkler systems.
Essay # 2. Wind Speed Data for Haryana:
The average output of water from windmill pumping system must be matched with the requirements of various crop combinations and availability of groundwater. Haryana is a small state (44 212 sq km) with almost uniform topography (97% alluvial plains and three per cent hilly tracts). Therefore wind data have been compared for two typical tracking stations and is given in Table P.1.1.
The examination of the wind speeds indicates that Haryana is a region of light breeze with wind speeds 6 to 11 kmph (1.6 to 3.3 m/s). The southern part of Haryana is slightly more favourable than the northern part.
The mean annual energy content of wind can be calculated as equal to 0.00001 ρVi3; where V, is the hourly wind speed in kmph for hour i and ρ is the mean air density equal to 2.8703 kg/m3. The mean annual energy content comes out to approximately 250kWh/m2.
Essay # 3. Groundwater Situation in Haryana:
The entire Haryana region has been surveyed for groundwater availability by Groundwater Directorate. Haryana State; and Minor Irrigation and Tube well Corporation, Karnal. District wise groundwater data are given in Table P.1.2. The broad features of substantial parts of Haryana are promising from the point of used groundwater potential.
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The irrigation requirements for Haryana are summarized as below:
Drip irrigation for corn, wheat, cotton, millet = 25 m3/ha-day Flood irrigation for rice, sugarcane = 50 – 60 m3/ha-day.
Live stock = 40 – 50 liters/head-day
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Lifting height = a few meters to 20 m.
Power required = 135 W/ha for surface water;
400W/ha for groundwater
Essay # 4. Characteristics of Wind Turbines:
Specific speed or tip-speed ratio of a windmill rotor is the ratio of its peripheral speed to wind speed. Rotors of low tip-speed ratio are preferred for driving piston pumps, which require a high starting torque and low rotational speed. The rotor of low tip-speed ratio also gives high efficiency and low cost. The other important characteristics of windmill rotors are cut-in speed and cutout speed.
The main characteristics of windmill suitable for Haryana are given below:
1. It should be water pumping, low tip-speed ratio windmill preferably of vertical axis design.
2. It should be suitable for installation on open wells, canals, river beds, ponds, lakes, etc.
3. The total head over which water has to be lifted should be 15-20 m with suction head 10.5 m, if installed on ground level.
4. It should be suitable for rated wind speeds of 2 m/s with cut-in speed of 1.5 m/s.
5. Discharge at 2 m/s of wind speed and total head of 15 m should be 0.5 to 1 litre/s.
6. The system design should be suitable for operating a sprinkler system for irrigation.
The Windmill WP-2, developed at National Aeronautical Laboratory, Bangalore can pump 2.9 m3/hour against a head of 10 m at a wind speed of 3.5m/s. A Sail Wind developed at the same laboratory uses six triangular canvas sails on a rotor of 7 m diameter and pumps 5.4 m3/hour against a head of 10 m at wind speed of 3.5 m/s.
The specifications of a propeller type windmill pump-set, which has been standardized for installation in India, are listed below:
Tower height = 7 m
No. of propellers =12
Rotor diameters = 5 m
Machine power ratio = 0.36
Water depths = 20 m
Maximum daily output = 23 m3 at a wind speed of 10 m/s.
The total cost of the machine including transportation and erection is Rs. 11,750 and a similar expenditure is to be incurred on well-boring and construction of storage tank. The government provides a subsidy of Rs. 7500.
The windmills installed so far are not only of small size (about 5 m diameter), but also require high maintenance and support. Research and Development (R & D) efforts are now needed so as to reduce the maintenance expenditure of windmills to occasional oiling and changing the pump washer only. Somewhat larger windmills have to be developed than the presently available.
Essay # 5. R & D Efforts Needed in Haryana:
The present windmill technology is inadequate for the low wind speed regions of Haryana. Special R & D projects in the following areas must be taken up so that wind energy can be used in near future in the plains of Haryana and other similar regions.
1. Artificial Winds:
Generation of artificial winds to drive windmills by heating large surfaces with favourable thermodynamic properties is technically feasible. A project proposal has been prepared to heat a large surface in which case the resulting current (artificial wind) will drive turbines. The efforts needed to pursue the project in the form of money, manpower, and times are huge.
2. Aeroelectric Plant:
The low wind velocity in Haryana can be augmented by the use of diffusers at intake to windmills. Besides the propellers Madaras and Darrieus, there has been a plethora of designs for wind machines. One intriguing power plant design, called the aeroelectric plant, uses the flow up a tower that looks like a cooling tower. Its walls are heated by solar radiation.
Since the walls are circular, the sun’s rays need not be tracked as it changes position in the sky during the day. The heated walls, in turn, heat the inside air and a flow up the tower is established. This air flow is made to drive a number of air turbines located near the top of the tower. The turbines, in turn, drive electric generators. The driving pressure causing air flow is given by the well-known chimney effect.
P. Carlson of California has proposed a slightly modified form in which, the interior air in a very tall tower would be cooled by pumping water to the top. The water evaporates in the low pressure air there, causing a downward flow of cooled air.
The driving pressure can be calculated in a manner similar to that for wet cooling towers. A conceptual design of such a plan called for a 1.5-mi- high, 900 ft-diameter tower located in a hot desert and 10 wind turbines surrounding the tower periphery at the bottom producing 2500 MW. The above design can be scaled down for producing water pumping wind turbines in Haryana.
3. Low Wind Turbines:
The turbines available in India and abroad are suitable for a rated wind speed of 3.5 m/s or more whereas low wind speed turbines for rated values of 1.5-2 m/s are needed for Haryana. Special efforts are, therefore, needed to develop cheap and simple rotors, which can cut-in at low wind speeds available in Haryana.
The Savonius rotor and American multi-blade type windmills have optimum power coefficients at a very low tip-speed and can therefore be used as starting point to develop windmills suitable for low wind speed. However, M/s H-Energiesysteman B.V. of Holland have developed twin blade propeller type rotors for low wind areas (wind speed less than 3 m/s) (The Netherlands Agency for Energy and Environment).
4. Energy Storage Schemes:
A combination of a windmill and a micro-hydro turbine can be used for storage of energy as potential energy of water (Fig. P.1.1). Water could be pumped to high reservoir during periods of high winds and the potential energy could then be used during periods of low winds, assuming a constant output from the wind water generating system as the basis for sizing of the water generator and the storage system.
5. Windmill with Hydraulic Transmission:
Hydraulic transmission consisting of a split fluid coupling/torque convertor can be used to run a centrifugal pump to lift deep ground water for the operation of a sprinkler system for irrigation (Fig. P.1.2). The windmill is directly coupled to hydraulic pump part to coupling/torque convertor while the hydraulic turbine part, which is directly coupled to the centrifugal water pump, is lowered deep in the open well. The variable speed/torque hydraulic pump sends pressure fluid through a pipe to drive the hydraulic turbine to operate the centrifugal pump.
The use of hydraulic transmission has many advantages such as optimum adaptation of rotor speed to guarantee a maximum output; no gear box; no controlling and switching equipment, as no electrical generator is involved; simple maintenance, as no reciprocating pump and allied crank mechanism; and the centrifugal pump can be installed on ground level or lowered into the deep open well to suit the suction lift available.
Essay # 6. Conclusion to the Wind Energy Utilization in Haryana:
Haryana has ample underground water to be tapped for irrigation. However, the wind characteristics are not favourable for the existing windmill technology. Special efforts are needed to develop suitable turbines and systems for adaptation in Haryana and other similar regions, so that abundant, reliable, clean wind can be harnessed cost-effectively as alternative and renewable source of energy to meet the irrigation and other requirements of plains of Haryana. It is recommended that a special research institute may be set up for carrying out the development projects.