In this article we will discuss about combinational and sequential circuits and their functions. Introduction to Combinational and Sequential Circuits: A digital system must store binary numbers in addition to performing logic. To take care of this requirement, a memory cell, called a FLIP-FLOP, is introduced. Theoretically any digital system can be constructed entirely from NAND gates and FLIP-FLOPs. These [...]
A supply system with a large number of synchronous machines connected in parallel is referred to as infinite bus-bars. Any additional machine, whether to operate as a generator or as a motor is connected in parallel with the bus-bars. Infinite bus-bars represent a system of large capacity whose frequency and the phase and magnitude of voltage are not affected even [...]
In this article we will discuss about the flow of current through series and parallel circuits. Series Circuits: When the resistors are connected end to end, so that they form only one path for the flow of current, then resistors are said to be connected in series and such circuits are known as series circuits. Let resistors R1, R2, and [...]
The following points highlight the two theorems used for determining the current flowing in a circuit. The theorems are: 1. Maxwell Circulating Current Theorem 2. Node Voltage Theorem. 1. Maxwell Circulating Current Theorem: If a network with several sources has more than two nodes the current in it may be determined by Maxwell circulating current theorem. This is one of [...]
Resistance-Inductance (R-L) series circuit is the case most generally met with in practice; nearly all circuits contain both resistance and inductance. Consider an ac circuit consisting of resistance of R ohms and inductance of L henrys connected in series, as shown in Fig. 4.5 (a). Let the supply frequency be f and current flowing through the circuit be of I [...]
Consider an ac circuit containing resistance of R ohms, inductance of L henries and capacitance of C farads connected in series, as shown in Fig. 4.23 (a). Let the current flowing through the circuit be of I amperes and supply frequency be f Hz. Voltage drop across resistance, VR = IR in phase with I Voltage drop across inductance, VL= [...]
In this article we will discuss about:- 1. Introduction to Phasor Algebra of AC Circuits 2. Addition and Subtraction of Phasors 3. Multiplication and Division 4. Powers and Roots 5. Power Determination 6. Phasor Algebra Applied to Single Phase Parallel Circuits. Contents: Introduction to Phasor Algebra of AC Circuits Addition and Subtraction of Phasors Multiplication and Division of Phasors Powers [...]
In this article we will discuss about series and parallel resonance in R-L-C circuits. Resonance is identified with engineering situations which involve energy-storing elements subjected to a forcing function of varying frequency. Specifically, resonance is the term employed for describing the steady-state operation of a circuit or system at that frequency for which the resultant response is in time phase [...]
Parallel ac circuits can be solved by the following methods: 1. Phasor method 2. Admittance method. The application of a particular method will depend upon the conditions of the problem. However, in general, that method should be used which gives quick results. 1. Phasor Method: Consider a parallel circuit consisting of three branches of impedances Z1 (R1, L1, C1), Z2, [...]
In this article we will discuss about: 1. Introduction to Three-Phase AC Circuits 2. Generation of 3-Phase EMF in AC Circuits 3. Phase Sequence 4. Conversion of Balanced Load System from Star to Delta and Vice-Versa 5. Balancing Parallel Loads. Contents: Introduction to Three-Phase AC Circuits Generation of 3-Phase EMF in AC Circuits Phase Sequence in Three-Phase AC Circuits Conversion [...]