In this article we will discuss about:- 1. Introduction to Coal 2. Origin of Coal 3. Ranking of Coal 4. Bended Constituents of Coal 5. Coal Analysis and Commercial Grades 6. Coking Coal 7. Coal Washing 8. Production of Petrol from Coal 9. Uses of Coal. Contents: Introduction to Coal Origin of Coal Ranking of Coal Bended Constituents of Coal [...]
Land Evaluation: How to Evaluate Land [with schematic representation]! The FAO Framework for Land Evaluation: The Framework for Land Evaluation sets out basic concepts, principles, and procedures for land evaluation that are "universally valid, applicable in any part of the world and at any level, from global to single farm." The universal validity means its potential for application across disciplinary [...]
Read this article to learn about: How is Rainfall Measured in India? Among all forms of precipitation, rainfall is the common one. It is necessary to know the methods for measuring rainfall and analysing the rainfall data. The amount of rainfall is expressed as depth in centimeters (or millimeters) which falls on a level surface. Intensity of rainfall is the [...]
The following methods evolved after field experience and observations are generally used in soil and water conservation for estimating the rate or the maximum rate of runoff that could occur from a particular catchment: 1. Rational Method: In this method, the peak rate of runoff is given by the equation- Runoff coefficient C is defined as the ratio of the [...]
The important methods that are available for drilling tubewells are as follows: 1. Percussion Drilling (Also Known as Cable Tool Method), further classified as: (i) Hand boring by rope or rod, and (ii) Mechanical boring with power rigs. 2. Rotary Drilling, further classified as: (i) Direct circulation hydraulic rotary, (ii) Reverse circulation hydraulic rotary, and (iii) Rotary-air percussion drilling. 3. [...]
Everything you need to learn about designing and constructing tubewells. Design of Wells: The design of a tubewell includes decision on: 1. Location of the well, 2. Type of well, 3. Method of construction, 4. Selection of the strata to be screened, length, diameter and material of the screen in case of strainer wells, 5. Diameter, size of slots and [...]
Groundwater management involves the planning and operation of the groundwater resources to provide safe and reliable water supplies. In groundwater management the factors that need to be considered include aquifer yield, recharge, water quality, socioeconomic and legal factors. Groundwater Basins and Safe Yield: The occurrence and movement of groundwater is confined to independent hydrologic units known as groundwater basins. Groundwater [...]
Water lifting devices are used both in irrigation and drainage. When the sources of irrigation is at a higher level than the field to be irrigated (e.g. reservoirs) water flows by gravity to the field to be irrigated. This is known as flow irrigation. When the source is at a lower level than the area to be irrigated, the water [...]
In this article we will discuss about:- 1. Total Head in a Centrifugal Pump Installation 2. Net Positive Suction Head 3. Power Requirements of Pumping 4. Selection of Centrifugal Pumps 5. Specific Speed of Centrifugal Pumps 6. Affinity Laws 7. Installation of Centrifugal Pumps 8. Operation of Centrifugal Pumps 9. Common Troubles of Centrifugal Pumps Installation. Contents: Total Head in [...]
Large irrigation projects have been constructed all over the world for the purpose of irrigating agricultural lands through gravity flow systems. These projects usually consist of one or more storage reservoirs, diversion structures, canals and related structures, outlets and finally drainage facilities. The reservoirs constructed could also serve the purpose of flood control and hydroelectric power generation in which case [...]