The following article will guide you about how to design a gating system used in casting of metal. Design of Gating System: The design of a gating system depends on both the metal and mould compositions. For example- an elaborate gating design is needed to avoid dross (e.g., oxides) in easily oxidized metals of low melting point such as aluminium. [...]
There are four methods of determining the dryness fraction of steam. They are as mentioned below: 1. Bucket Calorimeter: This method of determining the dryness fraction of steam is not exact. The value of dryness fraction obtained by this method is lower than the actual value. The apparatus shown in fig. 3-21 consists of a copper calorimeter which is placed [...]
Liquids are heated and evaporated at constant pressure. The vapours are also superheated at constant pressure in superheaters. For this reason the entropy of vapours can be calculated from the formula for the change of entropy at constant pressure. We consider the entropy of vapour in three phases of formation. In the following topic the entropy of steam and the [...]
Specific Heats of a Gas: Formula, Constant Pressure, Ratio and Heat Capacity! Specific Heats of a Gas: The specific heat capacity of a substance may be defined as the quantity of heat required to raise the temperature of unit mass of the substance by one degree. The unit of specific heat is J/kg-°C. Since this unit is small it is [...]
The following article will guide you about how to calculate boiler efficiency by indirect method. Definition of Boiler Efficiency: The boiler efficiency is defined as the ratio of heat actually used for producing steam in a certain period to the heat supplied in the furnace during the same period. Both quantities being measured in the same units. The boiler efficiency [...]
The following article will guide you about how to calculate the calorific value of fuels. Learn about:- 1. Meaning of Calorific Value of Fuels 2. Theoretical Determination of Calorific Value of Fuel 3. Experimental Determination of Calorific Value of a Fuel 4. Determination of Calorific Value of Fuels Using Bomb Calorimeter 5. Calorific Value of Liquid Fuel 6. Calorific Value [...]
The following article will guide you about: How much Air is Required for Complete Combustion? Stoichiometric Air-Fuel Ratio: The stoichiometric air-fuel ratio can be defined as ratio of amount air required for complete combustion of 1 kg of fuel. It is also called as chemically correct air-fuel ratio. If the combustion is complete then and then only maximum heat is [...]
In this article we will discuss about the testing of lubricants for IC engines. The selection of a suitable lubricant for a particular purpose requires knowledge of its properties in the working condition as well as the performance of these properties under conditions of service. Experimental Determination of Lubricant Properties: Properties can be experimentally determined by the following tests: Tests [...]
Lubrication Systems and Methods of Lubrication used in IC Engine! Introduction to Lubrication in I.C. Engine: The machine parts which have relative motion rub against each other. The rubbing surfaces are never perfectly smooth, even when they are highly polished. If they are observed under a microscope, small depressions and elevations can be seen. These depressions and elevations get interlocked [...]
Emission from Engines: Introduction, Classification, Pollutants from SI Engines and Measuring Equipment! Introduction to Emission from Engines: The atmosphere which is the largest fraction of biosphere continuously absorbs a wide range of solids, liquids and gases from both man-made and natural sources. These substances travel through air, disperse and react with each other both physically and chemically. The portion of [...]