In this article we will discuss about:- 1. Generation Cost of Power Plants 2. Fixed and Operating Costs of Power Plants 3. Interest and Depreciation. Generation Cost of Power Plants: The generation cost can, broadly be divided as follows: 1. Fixed Cost: The annual fixed cost consists of the interest on the total investment, all types of taxes and insurance [...]
In general the cost of generating electrical energy can be divided into the following three elements: 1. Fixed Cost 2. Semi-Fixed Cost 3. Running or Operating Cost. Type # 1. Fixed Cost: This cost is independent of maximum demand and energy output. It is due to the annual cost of central organisation, interest on the capital cost of land (especially [...]
Depreciation is the most important item in the fixed costs and it represents the reduction in the value of the equipment and other property of the plant every year due to continuous wear and tear and also due to obsolescence. The first factor can be reduced by proper maintenance of the equipment and the buildings, but the second factor is [...]
For obtaining extremely narrow thickness tolerances and good strip flatness, six-high roll mill is preferred because of the facility of positioning the intermediate rolls and also the facility for positive/negative bending of both the work and intermediate rolls. For automation of such a mill, the electrical and hydraulic screw down equipment has to be optimised. Various controls necessary are: (i) [...]
In Fig. 12.73, the profile angle is the angle formed by the sides of the nose of the tool (or by the cutting edge and the following or relief edge); the front rake is the amount of slope from the cutting edge back towards the body or shank of the tool; the side rake is the side slope given to [...]
In this article we will discuss about the definition and advantages of automation. Definition of Automation: Automation could be defined as the technology dealing with design of machine tools and systems utilising electronics and computer systems to produce the final product at minimum cost, involving minimum labour intervention, producing components of high accuracy and desired tolerances repeatedly without causing rejections. [...]
In this article we will discuss about the meaning and quality requirements of integrated quality assurance. Meaning of Integrated Quality Assurance (QA): The success of computer-integrated manufacturing (CIM) to a great extent depends on integrated quality assurance (QA) into the process. It is being realised that QA has to be an intimate element of every step in the design/ manufacturing/distribution [...]
Precautions to be taken before mounting a grinding wheel: In the interest of satisfactory operation and safety, it is important that grinding wheels are mounted correctly on the machine and before mounting they should be examined for any defects. 1. The wheel should be first examined for any flaw or crack which, under stresses set up due to high speed [...]
In this article we will discuss about wheel truing and dressing of a grinding wheel in the industries. Wheel Truing: Wheel truing is defined as act of restoring the cutting face of a grinding wheel by removing the abrasive material from the cutting face and sides of the wheel, so that it will run true with respect to the axis [...]
The behaviour of chip on rake face of the tool caught the attention of many investigators because it was found that the value of coefficient of friction at tool chip interface is very high. It has been established that the normal stress on the interface due to the cutting force reaches such a high value that yielding occurs and the [...]