The following points highlight the elements of a hydraulic system. The elements are: 1. Pumps 2. Hydraulic Valves 3. Hydraulic Circuits. Element # 1. Pumps: The pump develops the desired pressure. The pressure most commonly used in hydraulic machine tools varies from 5 to 80 kg/cm2. The pumps used may be: (i) Reciprocating pumps, (ii) Rotary pumps. In reciprocating pump [...]
The following points highlight the five main applications of lathe used in the industries. The applications are: 1. Forming 2. Contour Turning 3. Machining of Cams 4. Ultra Precision Machining 5. Hard Turning. Application # 1. Forming: Forming is the operation of producing profile on a lathe using a special form tool which bears the reverse of the required profile [...]
In this article we will discuss about:- 1. Inroduction to Special Purpose Machine Tools 2. Index Mechanisms of Special Purpose Machine Tools 3. Types 4. Parts Handling Equipment 5. Control. Inroduction to Special Purpose Machine Tools: Special purpose machine tools are designed and manufactured for specific jobs and as such never produced in bulk. Such machines are finding increasing use [...]
In this article we will discuss about the definition and advantages of automation. Definition of Automation: Automation could be defined as the technology dealing with design of machine tools and systems utilising electronics and computer systems to produce the final product at minimum cost, involving minimum labour intervention, producing components of high accuracy and desired tolerances repeatedly without causing rejections. [...]
Two types of configurations of computer controlled machine tools are commonly found (i) where a dedicated small microcomputer is used for control of one machine tool (referred to as computer numerical control or (CNC), and (ii) where a large computer controls a number of separate NC machine tools, (referred to as direct numerical control or DNC). Type # 1. CNC [...]
Factors Governing the General Shape of a Turning Tool and the Contour of its Cutting Edge: The most important points in any turning tool are: (a) The cutting edge of the tool must have a certain shape or contour. Some turning tools have straight rounded corners as at (i) (ii) and (iii) of Fig. 12.100, whereas others have curved edges [...]
The power flows from the motor in the base to the cone-pulley by means of a belt. The belt can be adjusted to three or four positions to vary the spindle-speed. Fig. 12.15 gives the idea as to how the different spindle speeds can be obtained. Various spindle speeds can be obtained by shifting the belt on different steps of [...]
Smart technology in machine tools will enable quality products through introduction of six sigma and zero defects technique. It requires lot of research in development of suitable sensors and appropriate software. Sensors are embedded in hard to reach places and provide real time information to enable control of speed, feed and depth for optimised conditions with a view of achiever [...]
In this article we will discuss about the development of prgram controlled machine tools. All developments in Machine Tools have a single aim— increasing the profitability of machining operations. The demands on machine tool technology, to meet the ever- tightening accuracy and precision requirements of modern metal machining industry, have highlighted the utter incapability of conventional machine tools to perform [...]
In this article we will discuss about:- 1. Cutting Forces of Lathe 2. Cutting Speed 3. Feed 4. Depth of Cut 5. Turning Problems. Cutting Forces of Lathe: The cutting forces depend upon several factors like work material, cutting speed, feed rate, depth of cut, approach angle, side rake angle, back rake angle, nose radius and tool wear. The influence [...]