The process of longitudinal rolling process is illustrated in Fig. 7.1. The ingot or billet is passed through two rotating rolls mounted in a rigid frame or stand. The gap between the rolls is adjusted to less than the height of incoming billet and hence it gets rolled to a reduced height while it increases in length and width. Let [...]
In this article we will discuss about slab method and Ekulund's formulation for determining rolling load in hot rolling of strip. Slab Method for Determining Rolling Load: The total rolling load or rolling force PT may by be determined by integrating px over the lagging and leading zones. Thus we can write, Ekulund's Formulation for Determining Rolling Load: Ekulund gave [...]
Here we make use of slab method for analysis of rolling of wide strips. In wide strip rolling the lateral spread is very small and hence it may be assumed that the widening of strip during rolling is negligible and hence it becomes a case of plane strain deformation. The process is illustrated in Fig. 7.7. The deformation zone may [...]
In cold rolling of steel strips and sheets, the yield strength of strip material is fairly high and very high specific roll pressures and hence rolling loads are experienced. Consequently high elastic deformations are also associated along with the plastic deformations. The elastic deformation of roll surface makes the roll surface flatter or in other words it increases the effective [...]
In this article we will discuss about:- 1. Rate of Sludge Production 2. Sludge Recycle—Sludge Volume Index (SVI) 3. Wasting of Excess Sludge Qw. 1. Rate of Sludge Production: It is important to know the quantity of sludge produced per day, because it will affect the design of the sludge handling and disposal facilities. The quantity of sludge (or biological [...]
In this article we will discuss about the meaning and quality requirements of integrated quality assurance. Meaning of Integrated Quality Assurance (QA): The success of computer-integrated manufacturing (CIM) to a great extent depends on integrated quality assurance (QA) into the process. It is being realised that QA has to be an intimate element of every step in the design/ manufacturing/distribution [...]
In this article we will discuss about:- 1. Introduction to Packaging 2. Concept of Packaging 3. Factors Affecting Packaging 4. Metal Containers 5. Elements 6. Packaging Machinery. Introduction to Packaging of Products: In the modern world, most of the goods are available in packages. The packaging protects and preserves the goods and offers convenience in transport, handling and sale also. [...]
In this essay we will discuss about Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). After reading this essay you will learn about:- 1. Meaning of Life Cycle Assessment 2. Purpose of Life Cycle Assessment 3. Phases 4. Uses and Tools 5. Types 6. Economic Input-Output 7. Ecologically-Based 8. Life Cycle Energy Analysis. Essay on Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) Essay Contents: Essay on the [...]