There are various types of air pump used in condensers: 1. Reciprocating Piston or Bucket Pump 2. Rotary Dry Air Pump 3. Steam Operated Air Ejector 4. Water Jet Pumps 5. Steam Jet Air Ejector 6. Modern Air Ejector Plant. Type # 1. Reciprocating Piston or Bucket Pump: This is a reciprocating piston or bucket pump known as Edward's pump. [...]
In this article we will discuss about:- 1. Formation of Fibre Glass Reinforced Plastic 2. Properties of FRP 3. Applications of FRP in Building Industry. Formation of Fibre Glass Reinforced Plastic: The Fibre Glass Reinforced Plastic or FRP is formed by using two materials in conjunction with each other to form a composite material of altogether different properties. It is [...]
The following points highlight the five major types of heat engines. The types are: 1. Steam Engine 2. Reciprocating Steam Engine 3. Internal Combustion Engine 4. Petrol Engine 5. Diesel Engine. Type # 1. Steam Engine: Steam engine converts heat energy into mechanical energy. The heat energy available due to combustion of coal is used to transform water into superheated [...]
In this article we will discuss about the atomic approach to elastic deformation of metals. At absolute zero, the two neighbouring atoms in a metal are in stable equilibrium state when the distance between them is r0. Fig. 6.11 illustrates this schematically. At large distance of separation between two atoms, the main force is of attractive nature, FA (negative). When [...]
In this article we will discuss about the plastic deformation of metals with its diagram. Referring to Fig. 6.2 the deformation of the specimen is elastic up to the yield point (or elastic limit) and it becomes plastic, i.e. the linear elastic region is followed by a nonlinear plastic region. Although yield strength is an important design parameter for machine [...]
In this article we will discuss about:- 1. Meaning of Oxidation 2. Mechanism of Oxidation 3. Kinetics. Meaning of Oxidation: Oxidation is a type of corrosion involving the reaction between a metal and air or oxygen at high temperatures in the absence of water or an aqueous phase. It is also called dry-corrosion. At normal temperatures, the oxides of the [...]
Plastic deformation occurs by the following modes: 1. Slip 2. Twinning 3. Kink. Mode # 1. Slip: The surface of a crystalline solid which has been polished, Fig. 6.14 (a) and then plastically deformed, generally gets covered with one or, more sets of parallel lines, Fig. 6.14 (c). At high magnifications, these 'slip lines' are found to be steps on [...]
Here is a list of commonly used cast iron: 1. Grey Cast Iron 2. White Cast Iron 3. Mottled Cast Iron 4. Nodular Cast Iron 5. Malleable Cast Iron 6. Alloy Cast Iron. 1. Grey Cast Iron: Composition: It is basically an alloy of carbon and silicon with iron. It contains C = 2.5- 3.8%; Si = 1.1-2.8%; Mn = [...]
The important considerations in the design of high-rate trickling filters are the organic loading rate and the recirculation ratio. The efficiency of a high-rate trickling filter depends on both organic loading rate and recirculation ratio. A number of equations are available for the determination of plant efficiency based on organic loading rate and recirculation ratio. The sizing of the trickling [...]
In this article we will discuss about:- 1. Features of High-Rate Trickling Filters 2. Comparison with Conventional or Standard Trickling Filter 3. Proprietary Types 4. Merits and Demerits. Features of High-Rate Trickling Filters: High-rate trickling filters are similar to conventional or standard trickling filters except that the rate of loading (both hydraulic as well as organic) for high rate filters [...]