In this article we will discuss about how to measure dryness fraction of steam. Barrel Calorimeter: To get the approximately dryness fraction of steam, a very simple ape called Barrel Calorimeter is used. This consists of a wooden barrel containing cold water. Steam is taken from the pipe through which it is flowing and is condensed in the cold water. [...]
Classification or Types of Notches and Weirs in Fluid Mechanics. A notch means an opening provided in the side of a tank, such that the opening extends even above the free surface of the liquid in the tank. It is in a way, a large orifice having no upper edge. A notch is generally meant to measure the flow of [...]
Land and water are basic resources in agriculture. For successful agriculture, proper utilization of these basic resources is essential. Land and Water Management Engineering broadly implies the application of engineering principles to the solution of land and water management problems. The phrase 'Soil and Water Conservation Engineering' is also commonly used to mean the same as 'Land and Water Management [...]
The capacity of a storage reservoir is determined on the basis of the inflow to the reservoir and the demand of the consumers (or the yield of the reservoir). The following two methods are generally used for determining the capacity of a storage reservoir: 1. Analytical Method: In this method an analysis of demand and inflow of water per month [...]
The analysis of water involves the various tests to be carried out for determining the impurities which may be present in water. The following three types of analyses are carried out for water: (1) Physical Analysis: The physical analysis of water involves the physical tests which are carried out to determine the physical impurities and the corresponding physical characteristics of [...]
The commonly used turbidimeters are as indicated below: 1. Jackson Turbidimeter (or Jackson Candle Turbidimeter): It consists of a graduated glass rube placed in a metal cylindrical container which is supported on a metal stand. At the bottom of the stand a standard candle of bees wax is fixed. The candle is so designed that it burns within the limits [...]
For detecting the presence of bacteria of coliform group and measuring their concentration in water the following methods are adopted: I. Total Count or Agar Plate Count Test: In this lest, bacteria are cultivated on specially prepared medium of agar for different dilutions of sample of water with sterilised/distilled water. The dilutions commonly used are 1/10, 1/100 etc. The diluted [...]
In this article we will discuss about the various operations involved in water treatment. 1. Sedimentation: Sedimentation is a process of separating from water by gravitational settling the suspended particles that are heavier than water. In water there are mainly two types of suspended solids: (i) Inorganic solids having specific gravity of about 2.65, and (ii) Organic solids having specific [...]
In this article we will discuss about:- 1. Introduction to Reservoir Sedimentation 2. Measurement of Sediment Load 3. Density Currents 4. Useful Life of a Reservoir 5. Method for Determining Useful Life of a Reservoir 6. Control of Sedimentation. Contents: Introduction to Reservoir Sedimentation Measurement of Sediment Load Density Currents Useful Life of a Reservoir Method for Determining Useful Life [...]
In this article we will discuss about:- 1. Meaning of Runoff 2. Factors Affecting Runoff 3. Methods of Determination. Meaning of Runoff: Runoff is that part of precipitation as well as any other flow contribution, which is transmitted through natural surface channels or streams or rivers. In the general sense runoff includes: (i) Surface runoff or overland flow received in [...]