Following tests are carried out in the chemical examination of water: 1. Presence of Solids 2. Biochemical Oxygen Demand 3. Chemical Oxygen Demand 4. Stability and Relative Stability 5. Chlorides and Sulphides 6. Chlorine Demand 7. Nitrogen 8. Determining pH-Value 9. Grease, Oil and Fats. Test # 1. Presence of Solids: It is most essential to know the quantity of [...]
Here is a compilation of essays on ‘Distribution System of Water’ for class 9, 10, 11 and 12. Find paragraphs, long and short essays on ‘Distribution System of Water’ especially written for school and college students. Essay on Distribution System of Water Essay Contents: Essay on the Meaning of Distribution System Essay on the Classification of Distribution System Essay on [...]
Here is a compilation of essays on ‘Water Supplies in Rural Areas’ for class 8, 9, 10, 11 and 12. Find paragraphs, long and short essays on ‘Water Supplies in Rural Areas’ especially written for school and college students. Essay on Water Supply in Rural Areas Essay Contents: Essay on the Introduction to Water Supplies in Rural Areas Essay on [...]
In this article we will discuss about the design of open wells with the help of suitable diagrams. 'Draw Wells' or Open Wells are shallow wells which are usually confined to soft ground, sand and gravel. The diameter of these wells may be between 1 m to 4 m and depth may be up to 20 metres depending on the [...]
In this article we will discuss about the determination of reservoir capacity with the help of hydrograph and mass-curve. Determination of Reservoir Capacity with the Help of Hydrograph: This method is not common in determining the capacity of the reservoir to be constructed. In the method the stream flow data at the site of the reservoir arc determined. In case [...]
The continuous flow type of sedimentation tanks are widely adopted at present and hence, it becomes essential to study in detail some of the design aspects of these tanks. Following are the aspects of continuous flow sedimentation tanks: 1. Velocity of Flow 2. Capacity of Tank 3. Miscellaneous Considerations. 1. Velocity of Flow: The velocity of flow of water in [...]
For the purpose of designing, the continuous flow basin may be divided into following four zones: (a) An inlet zone, (b) A settling zone, (c) Sludge zone, and (d) An outlet zone. Before starting design work the following simple assumptions could be made: (i) The water in the settling zone acts as quiescent without any disturbance and the sedimentation takes [...]
Essay on Sources of Surface Water! Source # 1. Streams: In mountainous regions streams are formed by the run off. The discharge in streams is much in rainy season than other seasons. Those streams which dry up in summer and contain water only during rainfall are known as 'Raining Streams'. The quality of water in streams is normally good except [...]
The velocity of underground water can be determined by the following formulae: (A) Slichter's Formula: where v = velocity of ground water flow in m/day k' = a constant, whose value is approx. 400 S = slope of the hydraulic gradient line D10= effective size of the particles in the aquifer µ = dynamic viscosity of water depending on the [...]
In this article we will discuss about the artesian wells and calculation of its yield. Artesian Wells: This is the name derived for the well from which water flows automatically under pressure. The water from these wells flows out in form of foundation to a height of 2.5 metres depending on the hydrostatic pressure. In some artesian-wells water flows continuously [...]